Background: Distal radius fracture is a common injury, however, there is still controversy over the best treatment method of unstable fractures in this region. Using “pin and plaster” to treat such fractures, in spite of being an old technique, is still used by many surgeons. The results of such treatment at three University hospitals during a 2-year period are reported here.Methods: A prospective clinical trial was designed to compare the results of distal radius fracture using two different techniques of “pins and plaster” fixation. 54 patients in age range of 40 to 67 years who had sustained 57 distal radius fractures with low energy trauma were randomly divided into two groups: 29 fractures had proximal ulnar pin and 28 distal radius pins. Distal pins were inserted into metacarpals in both groups. Plaster incorporation of pins was used in all cases. The radiographic criteria of “radial inclination”, volar tilt, ulnar variance and “age” or “step” were used for evaluation on 3rd, 8th, and 16th week X-ray.Results: Both techniques were similarly effective in obtaining and maintaining anatomic criteria of reduction. The rate of pin tract infection was similar in both groups, but the rate of pin loosening and nerve injury was significantly higher in patients treated with radial Schanz screws. Eight radial and 2 ulnar pins were loose at cast removal. Three sensory radial nerve parasthesias were temporary and improved with time. It is worth mentioning that this higher rate of complication did not affect the outcome because all of them were temporary.Conclusion: “pin and plaster” is a feasible alternative in the treatment of low energy, unstable distal radius fractures and both techniques are equally effective in this regard.

Context: Hand injuries are a common emergency department presentation. Metacarpal fractures account for 40% of all hand fractures and can be seen in the setting of low or high energy trauma. The most common injury pattern is a metacarpal neck fracture. In this study, the authors aim to review the surgical indications for metacarpal neck fractures, the fixation options available along with the risk and benefits of each. Evidence Acquisition: Literature review of the different treatment modalities for metacarpal neck fractures. Review focuses on surgical indications and the risks and benefits of different operative techniques. Results: The indications for surgery are based on the amount of dorsal angulation of the distal fragment. The ulnar digits can tolerate greater angulation as the radial digits more easily lose grip strength. The most widely utilized fixation techniques are pinning with k-wires, dorsal plating, or intramedullary fixation. There is currently no consensus on an optimal fixation technique as surgical management has been found to have a complication rate up to 36%. Plate and screw fixation demonstrated especially high complication rates. Conclusions: Metacarpal neck fractures are a common injury in young and active patients that results in substantial missed time from work. While the surgical indications are well-described, there is no consensus on the optimal treatment modality because of high complication rates. Dorsal plating has higher complication rates than closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, but is necessary in comminuted fractures. The lack of an ideal fixation construct suggests that further study of the commonly utilized techniques as well as novel techniques is necessary.

Introduction: Some studies conducted so far suggest that exercising during adolescence and young age can increase the amount and density of Bone minerals to be stored for the age of senility. However, it has not been confirmed yet what type and intensity of Bone minerals may provide for a maximum rate of the anabolic stimulation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the amount and density of the Bone minerals in male soccer and handball professional athletes with those of male non-athletes’.Materials and Methods: This is a an experimental research study on 42 males ranging 20-30 years old who were divided into three groups consisting of: 14 professional soccer athletes (Experimental Group 1) ,14 professional handball athletes (Experimental Group 2) and 14 young male non-athletes (Control Group). The athletes had the experience of at least three continuous years of regular professional exercising (3 sessions a week) and participating in national championships. These participants were selected from Mashhad athletic clubs, while the non-athletes were experiencing their first session of exercising in the club. Using DEXA, the participants’ BMD of arm femur and Bone mass was measured. Then, the collected data were investigated at the significance level of 5 percent, using descriptive statistics and unilateral variance analysis as well as LSD pursuit test.Results: The obtained results from this research indicate that there was not any significant difference among the three groups of the study in terms of BMD of the arms. Also, in terms of femur and Bone mass, there was no significant difference between two groups of athletes, i.e. soccer players and handball players (P=0.465). However, the findings suggest a significant difference between the control group and soccer player group (P=0.001) and also between the control and handball player group (P=0.004).Conclusion: As a result, the findings of this study conform to the theory which states that Bone response to the mechanical loading depends on the type and style of athletic activities.

A noninteracting quantum-dot arrays side coupled to a quantum wire is studied. Transport through the quantum wire is investigated by using a noninteracting Anderson tunneling Hamiltonian. The conductance at zero temperature develops an oscillating band with resonances and antiresonances due to constructive and destructive interference in the ballistic channel, respectively. Moreover, we have found the number of antiresonant exactly depends on the number of quantum dot in every array and increasing array make antiresonants wide increase.

Background and Aim: The aim of this review study was to evaluate the results and effects of employing or not using Bone graft materials in the buccal gap around the immediate implant, on the alveolar Bone dimensions and the success of the implant and its complications after immediate implant placement. Material and Methods: This study was conducted using electronic versions of articles in Pupmed and Google Scholar from 2010 to 20/4/2022. The extracted electronic articles include 14 randomized clinical trial studies, a high number case report and two systematic reviews based on clinical trial. All the researches are human clinical studies. Articles written in English and Persian, as well as laboratory and animal studies and the use of collagen membranes during immediate implant placement, have been excluded from the study. The age of patients is over 18 years and the duration of evaluation is four months and more. Finally, 17 articles were reviewed. Conclusion: The effect of using or not using Bone Graft in buccal gap on implant failure cannot be confirmed. It does not seem to have a significant effect on reducing the horizontal and vertical dimension of the buccal plate and has a moderate effect on the beauty of the soft tissue around the implant and the amount of mid-buccal gingival mucosa dimension and reducing the horizontal and vertical dimension of the buccal plate. With the use of Bone powder, minor surgical complications such as pain are slightly increased.